Thomas Jefferson Biography - President 3 Of United State

Thomas Jefferson Biography

Biographyany - Thomas Jefferson was born in Shadwell in Albemarle County, Virginia on 13 April 1743, the son of the plantation owner kaya.Thomas Jefferson was the third President of the United States. He is also famous for being the lead author of the Declaration of Independence and the founder of the Republican Party. Jefferson, the predecessor of today's Democratic Party. Thomas Jefferson had Enlightenment ideals such as democracy, the rights of states, limited Federal government, and the separation of church and state.

Thomas Jefferson inherited his father's property at the time of his death in 1757 and built his home, Monticello. Thomas Jefferson received an excellent education at local schools, studying Latin, Greek, French, history, and science. At age 16, he attended the College of William and Mary in Williamsburg, Virginia, graduating with top honors after two years before going to law school. He was admitted to the bar at the age of 24 years.
Thomas Jefferson married Martha Wayles Skelton a in 1772, and the couple had five daughters and one son born to die. Martha died in 1782, and Jefferson never remarried, although recent DNA evidence proved that he was the father of at least some of the six children of his slave, Sally Hemings.

Thomas Jefferson served as a lawyer in the House of Burgesses Virginia, the colonial legislature, and later at the House of Virginia. He wrote the Declaration of Independence.

Thomas Jefferson was very prolific in making many improvements judicial system and education in Virginia.

Thomas Jefferson was governor of Virginia from 1779 to 1781. He also served as Secretary of State for George Washington and Vice President John Adams. Thomas Jefferson was elected president in 1800.

Before becoming president, Thomas Jefferson also became, among other

• Members of the House of Representatives State of Virginia (1776-79)
• Virginia Governor Patrick Henry's successor in 1779 and re-elected in 1780 but resigned in 1781 due to attack British troops in Virginia. In his tenure he wrote the statute of religious freedom (The Statute of Religious Freedom)
• American ambassador to France (1785-89)
• Secretary of State under President George Washington in 1789.

Memory

The American people remember Thomas Jefferson at the Jefferson Memorial building in Washington DC which officially opened to the public on June 26, 1934.

Controversy
Thomas Jefferson allegedly impregnated his slave, a black woman named Sally Hemmings. Based on DNA tests taken from descendants of Jefferson and Sally Hemmings is widely acknowledged that at least one, or even to six children Sally Hemmings was the son of Thomas Jefferson as well.


Events during presidency

• 1801

March 4 Jefferson became the first president who was inaugurated in Washington DC

• 1803

February 24 the Supreme Court in the case of Marbury vs. Madison, for the first time in the history of the state that a congressional act (laws issued by Congress) is not legally valid.
May 2 American purchased Louisiana from France (EUR 828 000 (square miles / square meter) with a price of $ 15 million dollars. Meriwether Lewis and William Clark to explore the (Far West - American West?), Exploration continued until 1806.

• 1804

July 12 Alexander Hamilton died from injuries he sustained during a duel with Aaron Burr day before.
25 September Twelfth Amendment separation deciding ballot for president and vice president elections electoral (electoral college).

• 1805

Decision by Essex (admiralty) The British destroyed the principle of broken voyage; England began to hold American ships carrying goods and the French and Spanish; confiscation of the goods and the arrest by British ships on behalf of the state increases.
1806 Burr Conspiracy; Gen. James Wilkinson will warn Jefferson Aaron Burr accused expedition will build a kingdom in the west of Spain.
February 19, 1807 Aaron Burr was arrested.
1 Septemer 1807 Aaron Burr was sentenced for the crime of treason.

• 1807

December 14 Non-Importation Act (refusal of import laws) declared as the resistance to the British.
Navigate with the steamship Clermont-owned commercial purposes named Robert Fulton launched for the first time.
December 22 Embargo Act (embargo laws) prohibiting American ships to go into the territorial waters of other countries.
1808 officially banned slave imports.
December 7 terpiih James Madison was president.
1809 Non-Intercourse Act (issued as laws banning a relationship) applies to prohibit trade with Britain and France; officially withdrawn embargo laws.

Thomas Jefferson Quotes

The happiest moments of my life have been the few which I have passed at home in the bosom of my family.

Nothing can stop the man with the right mental attitude from achieving his goal; nothing on earth can help the man with the wrong mental attitude.

I’m a great believer in luck and I find the harder I work, the more I have of it.

Do You Know Who You Are? Don’t ask. Act! Action will delineate and define you.

Reference:
http://id.shvoong.com/law-and-politics/politics/2105701-biografi-thomas-jefferson/
http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson

Mahatma Gandhi Biography - The Soul Grand

Biographyany - Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi (born in Porbandar, Gujarat, British India, October 2, 1869 - died in New Delhi, India, January 30, 1948 at the age of 78 years) (Devanagari script: मोहनदास करमचन्द गांधी) also called Mahatma Gandhi (Sanskrit: "the soul grand ") is a spiritual leader and a politician from India.

During the life of Gandhi, many countries that were colonies of Great Britain. Residents in the colonies crave freedom to govern their own country.

Gandhi was one of the most important of which are involved in the Indian Independence Movement. He was an activist who did not use violence, which brought the independence movement through peaceful demonstrations.

BIOGRAPHY OF MAHATMA GANDHI

Gandhi was born on October 2, 1869 in the state of Gujarat in India. Several of his family members working on the government side. As a teenager, Gandhi moved to England to study law. After he became a lawyer, he went to South Africa, a British colony, where he experienced racial discrimination called apartheid. He then decided to become a political activist in order to change the laws that are discriminatory. Gandhi has constituted a non-violent movement.

When he returned to India, he helped in the independence of India from British colonies: this will inspire people in other colonies that gained independence struggle and break the British Raj to then form the Commonwealth.

People from different religions and tribes that live in India when it believes that India needs to be broken down into several states that different groups can have their own state. Many who wanted the Hindus and Muslims have their own state. Gandhi was a Hindu, but he liked the ideas of other religions including Islam and Christianity. He believes that people of all religions should have equal rights and live together peacefully in one country.

In 1947, India became independent and split into two countries, India and Pakistan. It is not approved Gandhi.

The principle of Gandhi, satyagraha, often translated as "the right way" or "path to truth", has inspired many generations of democracy activists and anti-racism as Martin Luther King, Jr.. and Nelson Mandela. Gandhi often said that teaching values ​​is very simple, based on traditional Hindu beliefs: truth (satya), and non-violence (ahimsa).

On January 30, 1948, Gandhi was assassinated a Hindu man angry with Gandhi because he tended to side with the Muslims.

Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi was born in 1869 and lived for most of the half century Twenty. Born in Gujarat, India, and lived several years in England, where he studied law, and in South Africa, where he had a career as a lawyer. He returned to India from South Africa to join the liberation movement against the British rulers.

Gandhi is someone who from an early age, so live life and have always questioned about its values. He lived out and live life. On each occasion, he was always looking for answers to many questions in a variety of ways. He gave the title of his autobiography My experience of the Truth. In fact, he spent his whole life searching for the truth and continue to try to find the answers and apply in their daily lives.

He started his career as a lawyer in South Africa, where he finds racial issues for the first time. One time, during a trip on the train to Pretoria, she was asked to leave the class passenger seat of the host even though he had paid the ticket. White train conductor who was a cynical saying that in addition to white people are not allowed to occupy the premier class seats. But Gandhi refused and insisted on occupying seats he had paid for it. Because of this refusal, the conductor down at a small station.

Perhaps, that's one incident which then makes it always fought for justice. He always pointed out that we can fight injustice without violence. While in South Africa was the Gandhi began to develop his ideas called Ahimsa or non-violence, and teach those Indians who live there how to apply Ahimsa to overcome the injustices they experience. The method is also known as passive resistance or anti-cooperate with those who commit injustice. Gandhi believes that, by rejecting-working, the person will eventually realize his mistake and then stop the unfair attitude.

Gandhi succeeded in doing efforts in South Africa. However, it was also time for him to get back to India emerging by the Liberation Movements of the British Rulers. He felt was his duty to join and contribute to the ideals of independent India. Gandhi asked his followers in India to implement the teachings of Ahimsa and shows how his teachings can be part of India's freedom struggle.

While the movement continues to progress, Gandhi continued his search for the truth and to design appropriate strategies to face the enemy. He called Satyagraha - Truth Enforcement. Gandhi believed that seeing the suffering of someone who uphold the truth will take effect and will touch the conscience of the perpetrator abuses (the enemy). Satyagraha is then run widely and effectively in the struggle for independence. This struggle finally reached a point where the UK could not survive against the thousands of people who menetangnya mass, acts peacefully demanding freedom. However, Gandhi assured to every effort and struggle waged by those who tutored him in the running Satyagraha, and for teaching and training Satyagraha struggle is bringing results.

Gandhi is still opportunity to watch India's independence from British rule, but he was very sad to see the conflict between Muslims and Hindus, as well as to the thousands of people who are victims of Partition (Partition) India-Pakistan. His belief the Brotherhood of Mankind (The Brotherhood of Man) remains unwavering, long since she had rejected the plan of Partition (Partition), although it was still happening. India is now separated into India with a secular Hindu majority, and Pakistan, with a majority Muslim society, which is also divided into East Pakistan and West Pakistan. At the end of his life mourning the teachings of Gandhi's Satyagraha he was unable to prevent the hatred between Hindus and Muslims which resulted in the splitting of India. In 1948, Gandhi was killed in a house of worship by a Hindu fanatic who does not agree with the understanding of The Brotherhood of Man lead.

Reference:
http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahatma_Gandhi
http://pustakabiografi.blogspot.com/2008/05/mahatma-gandhi.html

Abraham Lincoln Biography - President of the United States to-16

Biographyany - Abraham Lincoln (born in Hardin County, Kentucky, February 12, 1809 - died in Washington, DC, 15 April 1865 at the age of 56 years) is the President of the United States of the 16th, serving from March 4, 1861 to lead the nation out occurs pembunuhannya.Dia of the American Civil War, to maintain national unity and abolish slavery. However, when the war was nearing its end, he became the first U.S. president who was murdered. Prior to his inauguration in 1860 as the first Republican president, Lincoln worked as a lawyer, member of the Illinois legislature, members of the U.S. House of Representatives, and twice failed in the Senate election.

As an opponent of slavery, Lincoln won the U.S. presidential nomination of the Republican Party in 1860 and was subsequently elected president. His reign was marked by the defeat of the Confederate State of America, a pro-slavery, the American Civil War. He issued a decree ordering the abolition of slavery through the Emancipation Proclamation of 1863, and added a thirteenth article in the U.S. Constitution in 1865.

Lincoln closely watching the war, including the selection of warlords such as Ulysses S. Grant. Historians conclude that Lincoln organized factions within the Republican Party well, bringing leaders of each faction into his cabinet and forcing them to work together. Lincoln managed to ease tensions with the UK following the scandal of Trent in 1861. Under his leadership the North occupied the South from the beginning of the war. Lincoln then was re-elected U.S. president in 1864.

The opponents of the war criticized Lincoln for his refusing to compromise on slavery. Instead, the conservatives of the Radical Republican faction, the faction of pro abolition of slavery Republican Party, criticized Lincoln for his slow the removal perbudakan.Walaupun hampered by various obstacles, Lincoln managed to unify public opinion through rhetoric and speeches; speech is the best speech late Gettysburg.Mendekati war, Lincoln moderate to reconstruction, the nation longed for reunification through a policy of reconciliation software. His successor, Andrew Johnson, also longed for reunification whites, but failed to defend the rights of the newly freed slaves. Lincoln is rated as the greatest president in the history of America.

Childhood

Abraham Lincoln was born in a small shack in Kentucky, February 12, 1809. His parents were poor and uneducated. Lincoln himself was only taste education for about a year, but in the short time he was able to read, write and count. when he grew up he tried hard to increase their knowledge. He uses all the best books to read, he managed to be a lawyer at the age of 28 years.

Prior to his presidency

As a young man, Abraham Lincoln worked in various areas of law. She has worked as splitting wood fence, a soldier, a sailor on the river boats, clerks, taking care of the tavern, the postmaster, and eventually became a lawyer.

He vigorously defended the rights of African slaves. During his tenure, there are more slaves in the South, and he wanted the slaves freed. People do not agree with the plan, forming the Union of South and an army to fight against the forces of North Lincoln on the North-South war. His army won the war.

His first step into the field of politics occurred in 1832 when he was 23 years old. When he tried to be elected as member of the Regional Representatives Council of the state of Illinois, in the west-central United States. But he lost the election, two years later, he tried again and won. After that, he was elected three times in a row after that.

Presidency

In 1847, when he was 38, he was elected to the U.S. House of Representatives. Abraham Lincoln became famous throughout the country as a political person, due to his debate with Stephen A. Senator Douglas in the U.S. election campaign in 1858. Although he lost the senatorial election, the Republicans choose a presidential candidate in the 1860 election.

At that time the United States nearly split over the issue of slavery.
6 November 1860, Lincoln became President of the United States of the 16th and a month later, the American Civil War between the states in the North and the states in the South broke. Although he hated war, President Lincoln accepted it as the only way to save the unity of the country.
In the middle of the Civil War, President Abraham Lincoln issued a Proclamation of Liberation that changed lives of many people in the United States. The proclamation declared that all slaves in states purchase parts or areas of the states against the United States will be free starting January 1, 1863. Proclamation that sparked the spirit of all those who fight for freedom, and a driving force towards the abolition of slavery throughout the United States.

President Abraham Lincoln re-elected in 1864, in the midst of the military victories of the United States towards the end of the Civil War. In the peace plan of President Abraham Lincoln is flexible and generous. He called on the people of southern rebel to lay down arms and return to the United States. The spirit becomes clear guidelines similar to the spirit of the second inaugural address. This sentence is engraved on one wall memorial Lincoln (Lincoln Memorial) in Washington DC, which reads;

"With courage and truth according to the word of God, let us strive to finish our task right now is to heal the wounds of the nation. '

President Lincoln was shot in Ford's Theatre, Washington, USA, on 14 April 1865 and died the following day, on 15 April 1865 at the age of 56 years. The killer, John Wilkes Booth was a showman who has a mental disorder, it is also one of the supporters of the opposing Confederate Confederate army handed to the government after the end of the civil war.
President Lincoln was buried in Springfield, United States and is remembered as a fighter for democracy and the world because of his services.

Megawati Soekarno Putri Biography - Fifth President Of Republic Indonesian

Biographyany. | President - Diah Permata Megawati Complete named Setiawati Soekarnoputri or familiar in name Megawati was born in Yogyakarta, January 23, 1947. Prior to his appointment as president, he was the Vice President that the government of Abdurrahman Wahid 8 below. Megawati is the eldest daughter of the first President who is also the proclaimer, Sukarno and Fatmawati. Megawati, was originally married to pilot Air Force Flight Lieutenant, Surendro and had two sons named Mohammad and Mohammad Rizki Pratama Prananda.

At a military assignment, in 1970, in the eastern part of Indonesia Surendro with military aircraft pilots missing in action. Incomparable suffering, while still a small child and a baby. However, the pain was not prolonged, three years later married a man named Mega Taufik Kiemas, origin Komiring Ulu Ogan, Palembang. Happy family life increases, the couple have a daughter Puan Maharani. Megawati's early life was spent at the State Palace. Since childhood, Megawati was agile and loves playing football with his brother Thunder. As a young girl, Megawati has hobbies dancing and often indicated in the presence of state guests who visit the Palace.

Women whose full name is Dyah Permata Megawati start education, from elementary to high school in college Cikini, Jakarta. Meanwhile, he had studied at two University, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Padjadjaran, Bandung (1965-1967) and the Faculty of Psychology, University of Indonesia (1970-1972). Although born of politicians topnotch, Miss Mega - close calls its supporters - is not regarded expert in the world of politics. In fact, Megawati was underestimated by friends and political opponents. He even considered a newcomer to the political arena, which is new in 1987. At that time, the Indonesian Democratic Party (PDI), placing it as one of the candidates from the electoral district of Central Java, to boost the sound.

The entry Megawati to politics, means he has reneged on the deal his family to not go into politics. Trauma ditabraknya political family. Megawati appeared to be excellent in the campaign PDI, although classified as not much to say. Apparently it worked. Vote for the PDI ride. And he was elected a member of Parliament / Assembly. In the same year was elected chairman Megawati PDI Central Jakarta.

However, the presence in the building Mega DPR / MPR did not seem to feel. Apparently, Megawati know that he is still under pressure. In addition to its quiet indeed, belaiu chose not to stand out given the political situation at that time. So belaiu choose more to lobby outside the political representatives. Political lobby, a silent operation, either directly or indirectly, has led to the publication of Mega star in the world of politics. In 1993 he was elected Chairman of the PDI. It is very surprising the government at the time.

Mega rising process is an interesting story as well. At that time, Congress PDI in Medan ended without producing any decisions. Government support Hardjono Budi replacing Soerjadi. Then, followed by the Extraordinary Congress held in Surabaya. At this congress, the name Mega emerging and soundly beat Hardjono Budi, the candidate backed by the government. Mega elected as Chairman of the PDI. Then Mega status as Chairman of PDI further corroborated by the National Conference of PDI in Jakarta.

But the government refused and considered invalid. Therefore, in the next trip, the government supports the strength to pry Mega as Chairman of PDI. Fatimah Ahmad cs,
the support of the government, the Congress held a PDI in Medan in 1996, to raise the Soerjadi. But it is not easily conquered Mega. Because Mega clearly states do not recognize Congress Medan. Mega firmly declared himself the legitimate Chairman of PDI. PDI headquarters on Jalan Diponegoro, as a symbol of the presence of DPP legitimate, controlled by the Mega. Mega Supporters do not want to recede a single step. They are still trying to maintain that office.

Soerjadi backed government was given the threat to forcibly seize that PDI headquarters. That threat became a reality. Am on July 27, 1996 the group Soerjadi really seize the PDI headquarters of Megawati supporters. However, it did not dampen Mega steps. In fact, he further stabilizing step fly resistance. Political pressure against Mega's very bare, menundang empathy and sympathy from the public.

Mega continues to struggle. PDI becomes two. Namely, the leader Megawati and PDI PDI Soerjadi leadership. PDI favored and admitted Mega. However, the government recognizes as Chairman of PDI Soerjadi legitimate. As a result, PDI Mega leadership can not go to the polls in 1997. After the regime fell, renamed Mega PDI PDI. Political parties and mouthed fat bull bearing white won the 1999 elections by winning more than thirty percent of the vote. The win puts Mega PDIP the most appropriate position to be president than the other party members. But it turns out in the MPR 1999, Mega lose.

However, the second position is apparently a later stage in time to solidify Mega position as number one in the country. For less than two years, exactly on July 23, 2001 members of the Assembly unanimously adopted placing sit as President Megawati 5th replaces KH Abdurrahman Wahid. Megawati became president until October 20, 2003. Having finished his term, Megawati again running for president in a direct presidential election in 2004. However, he failed to return as president after losing Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono who eventually became President to-6.

Biodata Megawati:

Name:
Dr (HC) Hj. Megawati
Full Name:
Dyah Permata Megawati Soekarnoputri Setyawati
Birth:
Yogyakarta, January 23, 1947
Religion:
Islam
Husband:
Taufik Kiemas
Children:
3 people, (2 sons, 1 daughter)

Career:
Top-5 :: President of Indonesia (2001-2004)
:: Vice President (1999 - 2001)
:: A DPR / MPR RI (1999)
:: A DPR / MPR RI (1987-1992)
Organization:
DPP Chairperson :: PDI April 2000-2005 and 2005-2009

Home Address:
Uma :: Road 27-A, Central Jakarta
:: Jl. Kebagusan IV No 45 RT 010 RW 04, Ex. Kebagusan district. Sunday Market, South Jakarta

Career
1. Members of the National Students Movement Indonsia (London), (1965)
2. Members of the House of Representatives, (1993)
3. PDI member of Commission IV
4. PDI Chairman, Central Jakarta, FPDI Member House of Representatives, (1987-1997)
5. Chairman of the PDI version
6. Kemang National Conference (1993-present) led PDI PDI was renamed in 1999-now
7. Vice President, (October 1999-23 July 2001)
8. 5th President, (July 23, 2001-2004)
Educational trips
1. SD College Cikini Jakarta, (1954-1959)
2. Junior College Cikini Jakarta, (1960-1962)
3. Cikini Jakarta Senior High School Education, (1963-1965)
4. Faculty of Agriculture UNPAD London (1965-1967), (unfinished)
5. Faculty of Psychology, University of Indonesia (1970-1972), (did not finish).

Reference:
http://kolom-biografi.blogspot.com/2010/01/biografi-megawati-soekarno-putri.html

B.J. Habibie Biography - The third President of the Republic of Indonesia

Biographyany | President - Name: Prof. Dr.Ing. Dr. Sc.h.c. Bacharuddin Jusuf Habibie (BJ Habibie)
Born: Pare-Pare, June 25, 1936
Religion: Islam
Title: Third President (1998-1999)
Founder and Chairman of the Board of Trustees of The Habibie Center
Wife: dr. Hasri Ainun Habibie (Married May 12, 1962)
Children: Ilham Akbar and Kemal Thareq
Grandchildren: Four people
Father: Alwi Abdul Jalil Habibie
Mother: R.A. Tuti Marini Puspowardoyo
Number of Siblings: Children's Fourth of Eight Brothers

Education B.J. Habibie:
Bandung Institute of Technology, 1954
Rheinisch Westfälische Technische Hochscule (RWTH), Aachen, Germany, with a Diplom-Ingenieur degree, cum laude predicate at the Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Department of Aircraft Design and Construction (1955-1960).
Rheinisch Westfälische Technische Hochscule (RWTH), Aachen, Germany, with a doctorate aircraft construction, the predicate Summa Cum laude, at the Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Department of Aircraft Design and Construction (1960-1965).
Delivering his inaugural speech professor of aircraft construction in the Bandung Institute of Technology, in 1977.

Work B.J. Habibie:
Head of Research and Development of Structural Analysis in the company Hamburger Flugzeugbau Gmbh, Hamburg, Germany between the years 1965-1969.
Chief, Division of Methods and Technology on Commercial and Military Transport Aircraft MBB Gmbh, Hamburg and Munich between 1969-19973
Vice President and Director of Technology at MBB Gmbh, Hamburg and Munich in 1973-1978
Senior Advisor to the Board of Directors Technology MBB 1978.
Return to Indonesia and Pertamina's Advanced Technology Division lead, which is the forerunner of BPPT, years 1974-1978.
Government of Indonesia in the Field Advisor Technology Development and Aircraft, responsible directly to the President of Indonesia Suharto in 1974-1978.
State Minister for Research and Technology (Research and Technology) and Chairman of the Agency for the Assessment and Application of Technology (BPPT) in 1978-1998.
Vice President R.I. on 11 March 1998-21 May 1998.
May 21 President 1998-20 October 1999.

Organization:
Founder and Chairman of ICMI

Awards:
Theodore van Karman Award


The third President of the Republic of Indonesia, Jusuf Habibie Bacharuddin born in Pare-Pare, South Sulawesi, on June 25, 1936. He was the fourth child of eight siblings, spouse Alwi Abdul Jalil Habibie and RA. Tuti Marini Puspowardojo. Habibie, who is married to Hasri Ainun Habibie on May 12, 1962 was blessed with two sons namely Ilham Akbar and Thareq Kemal. Habibie passed his childhood with his brothers in Pare-Pare, South Sulawesi. The nature firmly adhered to the principle has been demonstrated Habibie since childhood. Habibie, who had a penchant for horseback riding and reading is known to be very smart when they occupied the elementary school, but he had lost his father, who died on 3 September 1950 due to a heart attack while he was praying Isha.

Shortly after his father died, his mother and then sell the house and car and moved to London with Habibie, after the death of his father, his mother drudge finance his children's lives, especially Habibie, as a willingness to learn Habibie later studying at Gouvernments Middlebare School. In high school, he began to look outstanding achievements, especially in the exact sciences lessons. Habibie a favorite figure in the school.

Because of his intelligence, Having graduated from high school in Bandung in 1954, he entered at the ITB (Bandung Institute of Technology), he did not until the end there because he got a scholarship from the Ministry of Education and Culture to continue his studies in Germany, because of the Bung Karno message about the importance of Air and Flight to Indonesia so he majored in Aerospace Engineering with specialization in aircraft construction Rhein Westfalen Technische Hochschule Aachen (RWTH) When I got to Germany, he was determined to sincerely dirantau and be successful, given the mother's efforts to finance college and life day-to-day. A few years later, in 1955 in Aachean, 99% of Indonesian students there are given a full scholarship. Only she who has a green passport or private from his friends another holiday season is not just a golden opportunity for him to be filled with exams and earn money to buy books. After the holidays, all activities except learning aside. In contrast to other friends, they, more often used the summer vacation time to work, gain experience and money without following the exam.

He received his Diploma Ing, from the Technische Hochschule, Germany in 1960 with honors Cumlaude (Perfect) with an average value of 9.5, with an engineering degree, he signed up to work in firm Talbot, a German railway industry. At that time the firm Talbot require a large volume wagon for transporting lightweight goods but the volume is huge. Talbot require 1000 wagon. Got a question like that, Habibie tried to apply the methods of construction to make aircraft wings which he applied to the wagon and finally succeeded.

After that he then continued his studies for a PhD at the Technische Hochschule Fuer Die Facultaet Maschinenwesen Aachean Habibie later married in 1962 in Hasri Ainun Habibie, which was then brought to Germany, his life harder, in the early morning Habibie sometimes had to walk quickly to the much work needs to save his life and then go home at night and study for college, his wife Lady Hasri Ainun Habibie had to queue up in the wash for the public to wash clothes economize needs of family life. In 1965 Dr Habibie earned. Summa cum laude rated Ingenieur (It perfectly) with an average of 10 of the Technische Hochschule Fuer Die Facultaet Maschinenwesen Aachean.

The formula is found by Habibie called "Habibie Factor" because it can count cracks or krack propagation on random atoms to the plane that he was dubbed as "Mr. Crack". In 1967, to honor Professor (Professor) at the Institute of Technology Bandung. from the same place in 1965. Genius and achievement is what drove Habibie recognized among international agencies, Gesselschaft fuer Luft und Raumfahrt (Institute of Aeronautics and Space) Germany, The Royal Aeronautical Society, London (UK), The Royal Swedish Academy of Engineering Sciences (Sweden), The Academie Nationale de l'Air et de l'Espace (France) and The U.S.
Academy of Engineering (USA). Meanwhile prestigious award ever achieved Habibie them, Edward Warner Award and von Karman Award which is almost equivalent to the Nobel Prize. Domestically, Habibie received the highest award from the Institut Teknologi Bandung (ITB), Ganesh Bhakti Praja Manggala Kencana.

Steps Habibie much admired, full of controversy, a lot of admirers but not a few who did not agree with him. Each time, the winner of the prestigious Theodore van Karman Award, is back from the "habitat" of the Germans, he was always in the news. Habibie just a year studying at ITB Bandung, 10 years of college until my doctorate aircraft construction in Germany with honors Summa Cum laude. Then work in the aircraft industry leading MBB Gmbh Germany, prior to the call of President Soeharto to return to Indonesia.

In Indonesia, Habibie 20 years as Minister of State for Research and Technology / Chief BPPT, leading the 10 companies owned strategic industries, selected MPR became Vice President, and was sworn in by the Chief Justice to replace President Suharto became President of the Republic of Indonesia to the 3. Suharto handed the presidency to Habibie under Article 8 of the 1945 Constitution. Until finally forced Habibie also resigned due to referendum East Timor voted for independence. MPR his accountability speech was rejected. He went back to ordinary citizens, restored live migrated to Germany.

On May 22, 2010, Hasri Ainun Habibie, the wife of BJ Habibie, died at the Hospital Ludwig-Maximilians-Universitat, Klinikum, Munich, Germany. He died on Saturday at 17.30 local time or 22:30 pm. Certainty of death Hasri Ainun Ali Mochtar Ngabalin certainty, a former member of Parliament appointed deputy BJ Habibie family. It's a very deep sorrow for the former Indonesian President Habibie and people who feel lost. For Habibie, Ainun is everything. Ainun are eyes to see her. For Ainun Habibie is everything, filling you in his life. But every story has a end, every dream has a limit.

In early December 2012, a movie called "Habibie and Ainun" was launched, the film is a true story about romance Lifting both as a teenager to become husband and wife, and when death separates them. The film is taken from the work of BJ Habibie's bestseller, this film worked on by two directors, namely Faozan Rizal and Hanung Bramantyo, with actor Reza Rahardian as Habibie and Justin Lestari as Ainun Habibie.

Most of his work in calculating and designing several aircraft manufacturing project:

* VTOL (Vertical Take Off and Landing) DO-31 Transport Aircraft.
* Military Transport Aircraft Transall C-130.
* Hansa Jet 320 (Executive Aircraft).
* Airbus A-300 (for 300 people)
* CN - 235
* N-250
* And indirectly participated in the count and design:
· BO-105 helicopter.
· Multi Role Combat Aircraft (MRCA).
· Some projects missiles and satellites.

Some Signs Service / honors:

* 1976 - 1998 Director of PT. Nusantara Aircraft Industry / IPTN.
* 1978 - 1998 Ministry of Research and Technology of the Republic of Indonesia.
* Chairman of the Agency for the Assessment and Application of Technology / BPPT
* 1978 - 1998 Director of PT. PAL Indonesia (Persero).
* 1978 - 1998 Chairman of the Industrial Development Authority Batam Island / Opdip Batam.
* 1980 - 1998 Chairman of the Defense and Security Industry Development (Presidential Decree. 40, 1980)
* 1983 - 1998 Director, PT Pindad (Limited).
* 1988 - 1998 Vice Chairman of the Board of Trustees Strategic Industries.
* 1989 - 1998 Chairman of the Management Board Strategic Industries / BPIS.
* 1990 - 1998 Chairman of the Association of Muslim Scholars se-lndonesia/lCMI.
* 1993 Daily Presidium Coordinator, Board of Trustees of Golkar.
* March 10-May 20 1998 Vice President of the Republic of Indonesia
* May 21, 1998 - October 1999 the President of the Republic of Indonesia

Youth

Prof. DR (HC). Ing. Dr. Sc. Mult. Bacharuddin Jusuf Habibie otherwise known as BJ Habibie (73 years) is a man Pare-Pare (South Sulawesi) born June 25, 1936. Habibie became president of the 3rd Indonesia for 1.4 years and 2 months to be Vice President to-7. Habibie is a "blaster" between the Javanese [mother] with the Napier / Pare-Pare [father].

The days of small, Habibie has shown intelligence and high spirits on science and technology, particularly physics. For six months, he enrolled at the Mechanical Engineering Institute of Technology Bandung (ITB), and continued to Rhenisch Wesfalische Tehnische Hochscule - Germany in 1955. With financed by his mother, R.A. Tuti Marini Puspowardoyo, young Habibie spent 10 years to complete the study of S-1 to S-3 in Aachen-Germany.

Unlike the average Indonesian students get scholarships abroad, college Habibie (especially S-1 and S-2) funded directly by the mother who does catering business and Indekost in London after her husband left to go (Habibie's father). Habibie mengeluti field of aircraft design and construction at the Faculty of Mechanical Engineering. During the five years of study in Germany Habibie finally earned his diploma Dilpom-Ingenenieur or technique (note: diploma engineering in Germany is generally equated with a degree Master/S2 in other countries) with summa cum laude.

Pak Habibie continued doctoral program after marrying his high school friend, Mrs. Hasri Ainun Besari in 1962. Together with his wife living in Germany, Habibie had to work to pay for tuition as well as household costs. Habibie explore the field of Aircraft Design and Construction. In 1965, Habibie S-3 completed his studies and received his PhD Ingenieur (Doctor of Engineering) with a GPA summa cum laude.

Career in the Industry

During his doctoral student, BJ Habibie had started working for his family and cost studies. After graduation, BJ Habibie worked at Messerschmitt-Bolkow-Blohm MBB or Hamburg (1965-1969 as Head of Research and Development on Aircraft structure of the analysis, and then served as Head of the Division of Methods and Technology in industrial commercial and military aircraft in MBB (1969 - 1973). kebriliannya top performance and, four years later, he was believed to be the Vice President and Director of Technology at MBB period 1973-1978 and a Senior Penasihast technology to the Board of Directors MBB (1978). was he the only Asians who occupied number two position in the German aircraft company.

Before entering the age of 40 years, Habibie was very brilliant career, especially in the design and construction of aircraft. Habibie be a "jewel" in the country Germany and he got "an honor", both materially and intellectually by the Germans. While working in MBB Germany, Habibie contributed various research results and a number of theories for science and technology in the field of Thermodynamics, Construction and Aerodynamics. Several theoretical formulations known in the aircraft as "Habibie Factor", "Habibie Theorem" and "Habibie Method".

Return to Indonesia

In 1968, BJ Habibie has invited a number of engineers to work on the German aircraft industry. About 40 engineers working in Indonesia finally on the recommendation of Mr Habibie MBB. This is done to prepare skill and experience (SDM) Indonesian engineers to someday be able to return to Indonesia and make products aerospace industry (and later maritime and terrestrial). And when (the late) President Soeharto send Ibnu Sutowo to persuade Germany to meet while Habibie returned to Indonesia, BJ Habibie immediately willing and leaving office, position and high prestige in Germany. This is done by BJ Habibie contribute to science and technology in the nation. In 1974 at the age of 38 years, BJ Habibie return to their homeland. And he appointed a government adviser (directly under the president) in the field of technology and high-tech aircraft until 1978. Despite of the years 1974-1978, Habibie was often home to go to Germany because they served as Vice President and Director of Technology at MBB.

Habibie began to really focus after he fired a high position in the German MBB Aircraft Company in 1978. And since then, from 1978 to 1997, he was appointed Minister of State for Research and Technology (Research and Technology) as well as serving as Chairman of the Agency for the Assessment and Application of Technology (BPPT). Besides, Habibie was also appointed as Chairman of the National Research Council and various other positions.

CN-235 aircraft owned by Air Force works IPTN Spain

As a Research and Technology, Habibie to implement its vision of bringing Indonesia into the high-tech industry. He pushed a leap in the development strategy of agrarian jump straight to the advanced industrial countries. His vision that instantly bring Indonesia into the industry gets opposition from various parties, both inside and outside the country who want a gradual development that started from the focus of investment in agriculture. However, Habibie has strong confidence will his vision, and there is a "quote" from the famous Habibie namely:

"I have some figures roomates compare the cost of one kilo of airplane Compared to one kilo of rice. One kilo of airplane costs thirty thousand U.S. dollars and one kilo of rice is seven cents. And if you want to pay for your one kilo of high-tech products with a kilo of rice, I do not think we have enough. "(Source: BBC: BJ Habibie Profile -1998.)

The sentence above is Habibie weapon to argue with his political opponents. Habibie would like to explain why the tech industry is very important. And he compares the prices of products from high-tech industries (high tech) and agricultural products. He showed data that the price of 1 kg aircraft is USD 30,000 and 1 kg of rice is 7 cents (USD 0.07). This means that 1 kg aircraft is almost equivalent to 450 tonnes of rice. So by making 1 piece of the plane with a mass of 10 tons, will be obtained rice 4.5 million tonnes of rice.

Pak Habibie mindset welcomed by Mr. Harto.Pres. Suharto was willing menggangarkan extra funds from the state budget for the development of technology projects Habibie. And in 1989, Suharto gave "power" over the Habibie Habibie by giving confidence to lead strategic industries such as Pindad, PAL, and PT IPTN.

Habibie became RI-1

Materially, Habibie is well established when he worked at the German company MBB. In addition to well-established, Habibie has a very strategic position as well as the Senior Vice President advicer in German high-tech companies. So Habibie plunged into administration not because of the money or power per se, but rather the feeling of "thank you" to the state and people of Indonesia and also to his parents. Similar attitudes were shown by Kwik Kian Gie, ie, after a rich and prosperous at first, and Kwik retired from business and new to politics. Not vice versa, which is mostly done by the politicians today who become politicians in search of wealth / popularity so no wonder the mushrooming corruption.

Three years after his return to Indonesia, Habibie (age 41 years) received the title of Professor of Engineering from ITB. Over the past 20 years as the Minister, finally, on March 11, 1998, Habibie was elected as Vice President for-7 through the General Assembly. At the time that the economic crisis (financial crisis) hit the Asian region, including Indonesia. The rupiah plummeted from Rp 2,000 per U.S. dollar to Rp 12,000 per dollar's. Foreign debt maturities so that swell due to the depreciation of the rupiah. This diperbarah by private banks experiencing liquidity problems. Inflation soared above 50%, and unemployment started to happen everywhere.

At the same time, public outrage peaked with the new order system is loaded corruption, collusion, nepotism committed by Suharto cronies (officials, politicians, tycoons). Besides corruption, authoritarian Suharto government classified, which captures vocal activists and students.

Triggered shooting 4 students (Tragedies) on May 12, 1998, public outrage erupted, especially among activists and students in the New Order government. The movement of students, activists, and all the people at 12-14 May 1998 be a momentum change of the regime leader Mr Hato. And on May 21, 1998, President Suharto was forced to retire from the post of president which he held for about 32 years. During the 32 years that, authoritarianism and corruption grew sumbur loaded. During the 32 years of that, many truths are silenced. Starting from the turn of the Sukarno government (and exile Pres Sukarno), G30S-PKI, Supersemar, until Soeharto alleged conspiracy with the U.S. and its allies to dredge the natural resources by the people, the capitalists under the banner korpotokrasi (including the CIA, Duni Bank, IMF and conglomerate ).

Suharto's resignation, then his Deputy that BJ Habibie was appointed the third President under section 8 of the 1945 Constitution. However, his tenure as president lasted only 512 days. Although very short, the leadership of President Habibie of Indonesia was able to bring back from the brink of collapse due to the crisis. President Habibie successfully led the country out of the ultra-crisis situation, to implement the transition from otorian country into democracy. Successfully conducting the 1999 elections with multi parti (48 parties), successfully brought a change signifikn on stability, democratization and reform in Indonesia.

Habibie was the first president of Indonesia who received many awards, especially in the field of science and technology both domestically and abroad. His services in the field of aircraft technology to deliver he received an Honorary Doctorate degree (Doctor of Honoris Causa) from the University berbagaai world leading, among others, Cranfield Institute of Technology and Chungbuk University.

Special Notes BJ Habibie

Habibie, Suharto Meet

"Carry only your job well, I pray that Allah SWT is always protected Habibie in performing the task. We will meet in the inner course, "answered Soeharto refused to meet with Habibie in a phone call on June 9, 1998.
(Habibie: Decisive Moments. Pages 293)

One of the common questions and many people do not know is how Habibie who lives on the island of Celebes could meet and familiar with Suharto who spent most of his life in Java?

Habibie first meeting with Suharto occurred in 1950 when Habibie was 14 years old. At that time, Suharto (Lieutenant Colonel) came to Napier in order to combat the insurgency / separatist in eastern Indonesia during the Sukarno government. Lieutenant Colonel Suharto lived opposite the family home Alwi Abdul Jalil Habibie. Since the mother is the Javanese Habibie, Suharto was then (Javanese) were received very well by the Habibie family. In fact, Suharto participate Habibie was present when my father died. In addition, Suharto was a "matchmaker" Habibie sister's wedding with men (soldiers) Lieutenant Colonel Suharto. Proximity-Habibie, Suharto continued despite Suharto had returned to Java after successfully combating the insurgency in eastern Indonesia.

After Habibie completed the study (about 10 years) and worked for almost 9 years (a total of 19 years in Germany), Habibie finally called back to their homeland by Soeharto. Although he was not awarded a scholarship to study in Germany from the government, Mr. Habibie still willing to go home to serve the country, especially the request comes from the fact Soeharto was 'a teacher' for Habibie. Habibie decided to return to Indonesia to give knowledge to the people of Indonesia, back to build high-tech industry in the archipelago.

Together Ibnu Sutowo, Habibie came back to Indonesia and met with President Soeharto on January 28, 1974. Habibie proposes the idea of ​​development as follows:

The idea of ​​building the aircraft industry nationwide as spearhead strategic industry
The idea of ​​establishing a Center for Research and Development of Science and Technology (Puspitek)
The idea of ​​the Agency for the Assessment and Application of Science of Technology (BPPT)
Habibie initial ideas feed into Soeharto and Habibie began to materialize when it served as a minister of the period 1978-1998.

However, the days of old, the relationship Habibie-Suharto apparently cracked. This is because the policies Habibie who allegedly "humiliating" Soeharto. The dismissal of Lt. Gen. (ret.) Prabowo from office because mobilize troops Kostrad Kostrad to Jakarta (and Brass Castle) without coordination boss is one policy that 'painful' pack Harto. Though Prabowo was Soeharto's favorite son who had been educated and nurtured into Suharto's successor. Examination as graft suspect Tommy Soeharto helped create 'hot' with BJ Habibe government policies, especially on several occasions in the media, BJ Habibie gave the green light to examine Soeharto. Though Tommy is the son of 'gold' Soeharto. And so many opposed to the Suharto government policy in the field of press, politics, the law until the unconditional release of political prisoners such as Sri Bintang Pamungkas Soeharto and Mukhtar Pakpahan.

Habibie: Mr. Technology Indonesia *

B.J. Habibie

Habibie thoughts that "high-tech" got "heart" Harto pack. It could be said that Soeharto admire Habibie thinking, so his thoughts easily approved pak Harto. Soeharto agreed budgeted "extra funds" to develop ideas Habibie. Ease of access and proximity-Habibie, Suharto was considered by various parties as a form of collusion Habibie-Soeharto. Moreover, some parties do not agree with the mindset Habibie since the Suharto government willing to spend substantial funds for the development of high-tech industries such as the suggestion Habibie.

On 26 April 1976, Habibie established PT. Aircraft industry and became the first aircraft industry in South East Asia Region (note: Mr. meruapakan Nurtanio Aircraft Industry Pioneers Indonesia). Aircraft Industry renamed Nusantara Aircraft Industry (IPTN) on October 11, 1985, then direkstrurisasi, became Dirgantara Indonesia (PT DI) on Agustuts 2000. Istimewapun treatment experienced by other strategic industries such as PT PAL and PT PINDAD.

Since the establishment of the state statregis industries, each year Soeharto government has budgeted a relatively big budget to develop high-tech industries. And budget with very large numbers issued since 1989 where Habibie led strategic industries. However, Habibie has a logical reason to start the high-tech industry, would require a huge investment for a period of time. Results may not be felt immediately. Planting durian trees only took 10 years to harvest, especially high-tech industry. Therefore, over the years the style of strategic industry Habibie has yet to yield and consequently the country continues to finance the operating costs of the strategic industries is quite large.

Strategic industries ala Habibie (IPTN, Pindad, PAL) ultimately deliver results such as airplanes, helicopters, weapons, skills training and maintenance services (maintenance service) for aircraft engines, ammunition, ships, tanks, armored vehicles, rifles caliber , water cannons, RPP-M vehicles, combat vehicles and much more both for civilian and military purposes.

For international scale, BJ Habibie involved in various design and construction projects such as aircraft Fokker F 28, Transall C-130 (military transport), Hansa Jet 320 (executive jets), Air Bus A-300, DO-31 transport aircraft (aircraft technology dangn land and take off vertically), CN-235 and CN-250 (aircraft with the technology fly-by-wire). Moreover, Habibie indirectly involved in the project design calculations and BO-105 helicopter type, multi-function fighter aircraft, some missiles and satellites.

Because the mindset is, I consider him as the father of the technology Indonesia, liberated how much success a la Habibie strategic industries. Because we know that in 1992, the IMF instructed not to give Soeharto to IPTN operating funds, so that when it IPTN began entering a critical condition. This is because the plan makes satellite Habibie himself (note: the 1970's Indonesia is the country's 2nd largest satellite usage), the plane itself, as well as its own military equipment. It is supported by 40 0rang Indonesian experts who have work experience in the satellite manufacturer Hughes Americans will be drawn back to Indonesia to develop high-tech industry in Indonesia. If this is true, then this will threaten American technology industry (reducing the market share) as well as concerns high-tech capabilities and the Indonesian military.

Reference:
http://kolom-biografi.blogspot.com/2009/01/biografi-bj-habibie.html
http://nusantaranews.wordpress.com/2009/04/02/biografi-bj-habibie-bapak-teknologi-dan-demokrasi-indonesia/

Abdurrahman Wahid ( Gus Dur ) Biography - The Perfect Man In Indonesian

Biographyany | Motivator - Abdurrahman Wahid ( Gus Dur ) Biography - The Perfect Man In Indonesian, Abdurrahman Wahid Abdurrahman was born with the name of the ad-Dhakhil, of meaning, "ad-Dhakhil" means "the Conqueror", a name derived KH A. Wahid Hashim, his parents, a pioneer of the Umayyad dynasty that has brought the triumph of Islam in Spain for centuries. In the course of time, the word "ad-Dhakhil" is not well known, and replaced the name "Wahid", Abdurrahman Wahid, and then more fondly known as Gus Dur. "Gus" is a call for a child kiai. "Gus" is actually short for saying "nice", an expectation of a father for his son to become bagus (good).Selain that "Gus" is a distinctive honor boarding call to a child kiai means "brother" or "mas".

Gus Dur (the familiar name of KH Abdurrahman Wahid) was born on August 4, 1940 at Denanyar Jombang, the first child of six children (five brothers Gus Dur sequence is `Aisha" Ny. Hj. `Aisha Hamid Baidlawi", Sholahuddin "Ir. Sholahuddin H. Wahid, "Umar" dr. H. Umar Wahid ", Khodijah and Hashim" Wahid Hashim HM "). His father, K.H. Abdul Wahid Hashim, was the son of K.H. Ash `ari Hashim, founder Tebuireng boarding school and founder of Jam` iyah Nahdlatul Ulama (NU), the largest organization in Indonesia, perhaps even in the world. His mother, Mrs. Hj sholehah, also daughter of the great NU, KH Bisri Syansuri, founder boarding Denanyar Jombang and advisory PBNU. With Rois Aam `so genetically, Gus Dur was blue-blood ancestry and according to Clifford Geertz's terms, he considered students and aristocracy as well.

Gus Dur, both father and mother of the clan is a person who occupies a high social strata of Indonesian society, he is the grandson of two prominent scholars and great men of the nation NU Indonesia. More than that Gus Dur was a descendant of UB IV (Ox Peteng) via two pathways, namely Ki Ageng Tarub I and Joko Tingkir.

Nevertheless, the journey does not reflect the lives of Gus Dur's life Ningrat. She proceeds and live like people in general.

Gus Dur childhood studying in boarding school Tebuireng Jombang, at the age of five years, he was well read al-Qur `an. His teacher at that time was his own grandfather, K.H. Ash `ari Hashim. Gus Dur small unlike most kids his age, he does not live with his father, but it was with his grandfather. While in the house that her grandfather Gus Dur little getting to know the world of politics, of the people who every day back and forth at his grandfather's house.

In the end, Gus Dur had moved to Jakarta, when his father was appointed as the Minister of Religious Affairs of the Republic of Indonesia, namely in 1950, five years after Indonesia Merdeka.Gus Dur had completed elementary school in Jakarta.

To add to his knowledge of Gus Dur was sent to attend courses prescribed by the choice of her parents, like private lessons and by the Dutch master Willem Buhl offered classical music interlude barat.Buku, football, chess, music and movies are five things never out of the figure Gus Dur as a child.

At small Gus Dur had dreams of becoming a soldier, entered the military academy. However, the ideal has failed, because at the age of 14, he had to wear glasses minus. Hose shipwreck of his goals, to make the spirit of Gus Dur "crazy" in the struggle with the book, ball, chess, music and movies. In the end Gus Dur was a kid when it redefined its goals are very simple, a Teacher! "I just wanted to be a teacher of the nation, such as Ki Hajar, Mangunsarkoro Ki, Kiai My grandfather Hashim, and so forth," he said once.

After graduating from elementary school in Jakarta, Wahid continued to SMEP at Tanah Abang Jakarta, but after a year, he moved to Yogyakarta Gowongan SMEP. His mother hopes his move to Yogya apart so he could escape from the old neighborhood in Jakarta, is also back on his background as the son of kiai: approaching the boarding school.

In truth, Gus Dur had experienced students or boarding education and religiosity of both parents. He learned Arabic as a child and have sufficient knowledge to be able to recite the Qur'an aloud. After a teenager he was systematically studied Arabic.

When Gus Dur SMEP school in Yogyakarta, well cultivated and arranged how he was able to go to boarding school in Al-Munawwir Krapyak three times. Here he studied Arabic K.H. Ali Ma `sum.

In the city Jogjalah reading and thirst for knowledge Gus Dur emerging and increasingly sped away. Jogja is a student city, with the presence of universities and many bookstores, or books owned network of teachers or teachers themselves, or belonged to the father of boarding. From where Gus Dur having a love of books and frequenting book stores regularly. In this city also liked Gus dur puppet show. Besides old habits like watching movies once a routine that never left.

After completing school in SMEP Yogyakarta in 1957, Wahid moved to Magelang Tegalrejo boarding school under the tutelage of a charismatic scholars, scholars Khudori, from where Gus Dur fully studied scientific pesantren along.

At the same time, for two years Gus Dur also studying part-time at the boarding school Denanyar Jombang under the guidance of his maternal grandfather, Bisri Syansuri.setelah Kiai Wahid went to boarding lodge Rice Pond, under the tutelage of Kiai Wahab Hasbullah, from boarding This relationship Abdurrahman and Wahab Hasbullah so thick, that he received encouragement to proceed in the learning stage, even Gus Dur been head madrasah Modern. Of interest in this pesantren Wahid began to grow, not only in the study of Islamization, but are interested in the study and the mystical Sufi tradition of Islamic culture and traditions. This was the beginning of a habit of Gus Dur's frequent visits to the tombs of saints, scholars, and scholars at midnight.

Gus Dur eventually completed his studies he wrestled in Indonesia and then continue the process of learning abroad. As of offspring, Gus Dur was from a family that thirst for knowledge, so naturally when Gus Dur had continued his studies until overseas.

Early study abroad, in the year 1964-1969. Gus Dur entry in the Department of Higher Islamic and Arabic Studies, Al-Azhar Islamic University, Cairo Egypt.

Gus Dur learning journey in Egypt is not as smooth and easy as running, because it should be hampered by the administration to the recognition of diplomas and courses that have been learned in Indonesia.

Gus Dur was a lot in lessons repeated while studying in Egypt, so he was so reluctant to undertake formal study and often do not go to college. This is where he used to channel his hobby follow football games, reading in libraries are great, watch French films, and participate in discussions in the coffee shops are very menarik.Dengan such conditions, it seems to make Gus Dur was a bit disappointed and bored, so he decided to get out of Al-Azhar and moved to Baghdad.

Later in the year 1970-1972 Gus Dur moved lecture at the Faculty of Letters, University of Baghdad, where Gus Dur Irak.Di have a pretty tight schedule, ranging from focusing on research on the history of Islam in Indonesia and he was given the easy access to the implementation stage of the research. He also learned French in this city, which is often not forgotten grave pilgrimage to the tombs of the world and sharpen homeroom mystical science. Abdurrahman Wahid remains, though no longer conduct discussions in the coffee shop, due to the tight schedule but he took time to watch a movie.

After completing his studies in the Middle East, Gus Dur and then moved to Europe to continue his graduate studies. At first Gus Dur live in the Netherlands and wants into the University of Leiden, but that occurs in several European universities, including Leiden may not receive a graduate of the University of Baghdad. Gus Dur was disappointed with this, to reduce the burden of disappointment he wandered for a year in Europe and in mid-1971, Gus Dur back to Indonesia.

Upon his return from Europe to Indonesia, Gus Dur was still not discouraged to pursue their studies to the European countries, finally he get a scholarship to McGill, but so intent was stuck but nevertheless happen, because need to make the wedding reception. Then after that Gus Dur living in Jombang and initiated steps to find a format change had to do with a way around the "friendship" of Java, which will make Gus Dur really thought better to continue his studies abroad.

Gus Dur as a student tour in Europe, learning from one university to another, eventually was settled in the Netherlands and founded the Muslim Students Association of Indonesia and Malaysia are living in Europe.

During his studies abroad Gus Dur also had a rough time at work, when in Egypt he had got a job at the Indonesian embassy to Egypt, and then when he worked in Baghdad in Ar-Ramadhani, the company mengkhususnya textile imports from Europe and America, when in Europe he also worked in the laundry owned Cina.ketika settled in the Netherlands Gus Dur twice a month to go to the port to work as a cleaner of the tanker.

A variety of science and every process in independence, a Gus Dur to penetrate the boundaries of reasonable humanity, even an attempt to be independent in his life he was capable.

That's the story of Gus Dur seek knowledge, in addition to informal teacher as powerful, it could be Gus Dur was also given a gift by God so that they can quickly understand a reading and had an incredible memory will text. Perhaps that is the basis for a potential future leader.

In proceed to build and foster home Gus Dur, arguably quite unique, its introduction in Jombang as teacher and student then passes a short distance away, Gus Dur in Cairo and Nuriyah in Jombang. initially for several years in cairo, Wahid continued to contact Nuriayah through regular correspondence was ultimately accepted the Gus Dur Nuriyah as his friend to hold the engagement during the period of two years, after that Gus Dur was married Nuriyah.

Gus Dur was blessed with four daughters, they are, Alissa Qotrunnada, Zannuba Arifah Chafsoh, Anita Hayatunnufus and Inayah Wulandari. In educating his son Gus Dur also always apply the practice of democracy, not authoritarianism towards the problems faced by children, Gus Dur just aim and suggestions with all the consequences of the various choices.

The period of the struggle for a very long indeed Gus Dur, started but not the start he wanted, the process flow starting from the day are in Indonesia to overseas was doing, ranging from teaching, became head of madrassas, in charge of many activities in foreign countries, a social commentator by writing in various print media, NGOs engaged in the scope LP3ES, NU chairman, to become President of the 4th. Gus Dur awareness of the movement to find the ideal change is strong enough, he was very anti-violence, strong, tough and consistent.

Gus Dur was suffering from many diseases, even before serving as president until later, he experienced illness such as stroke, diabetes and more. Gus Dur passed away on Wednesday, December 30, 2009, in hospital Madura, Jakarta, at 18:45 pm, due to her illness for a long time.

Gus Dur's death coincided with the 27th anniversary of his youngest daughter, Inayah Wulandari, who was born on 31 December 1982, during Gus Dur treated at the RSCM hospital, including one daughter Inayah Gus Dur's most diligent in keeping Gus Dur.

According to the story, K.H. Salahudin Wahid, who fondly called Sholah he met his brother Gus, Gus Dur in Jombang last time, a week before his death, that Gus Dur while on a pilgrimage to the tomb of the family, then Gus Sholah already have a bad premonition. Gus Sholah was shocked and surprised when Gus Dur said, 'Brother, 31, jemputen Mengko Kene I win! (Dik, I'll pick at 31 here), and so are many stories commemorate before and after the death of Abdurrahman Wahid died many are aware that Gus Dur already know the time of his death. Hopefully he deeds accepted by Allah SWT.

That's what happened to the figure of Gus Dur, his power only certain people who knew even he could hide it well, without the need to know a lot of people. Now if we observe, many people who mourn the grave like the tombs of the Wali Allah "Wali Songo", a lot of people feel lost, mourn his departure. He was only a few spiritual teachers among Muslims, as well as among different religions in Indonesia and in the World.

His works

Intellectual works Gus Dur since the early 1970s until the late 1990s, the intellectual work is scattered in various forms of writing and can be classified as follows, in the form of a total of 12 books, 1 book translations, 20 in his preface, 1 epilogue book, 41 anthology books, 105 articles in the form of columns, 50 papers, 263 articles were scattered in various magazines, newspapers, journals, and the media.

Abdurrohman Wahid And Soeharto

The team of researchers from INCReS (Institute of Culture and Religion Studies) are simply providing an overview of major works resulting from the mindset of Gus Dur, the work is grouped into seven key themes, seven key themes also marks a great idea Gus concern Dur far. Seven it is a world view boarding, indigenization of Islam, democracy necessity, finality of the nation-state Pancasila, religious pluralism and universal humanitarinisme anthropology scholars.

The following list of works in the course of his career and struggles Gus Dur:

• Madrasah teachers Mu `allimat, Jombang (1959-1953)
• University Lecturer Ash `ari Hashim, Jombang (1972-1974)
• Dean of the Faculty Ushuludin Ash `ari Hashim University, Jombang (1972-1974)
• Secretary Pesantren Tebuireng, Jombang (1974-1979)
• Caregivers Ciganjur Boarding School, Jakarta (1976-2009)
• Founder and member of FORDEM (Democracy Forum), 1990.
• NU (NU) NU Awwal scribes 1980-1984, Chairman of the board Tanfidz NU, 1994-2000.
• Founder PKB (National Awakening Party)
• P3M (Centre for Development and Community Empowerment Pesantren)
• Founder of The Wahid Institute.
• Moral Movement of National Reconciliation, 2003, as an advisor.
• Solidarity with victims of human rights violations, 2002, as an adviser.
• Indonesian Film Festival, 1986-1987, as a jury.
• Chairman of the Jakarta Arts Council, 1982-1985.
• Youth Association of Indonesian Students in Cairo Egypt, 1965, as vice chairman.
• Non Violence Peace Movement, Seoul, South Korea President, 2003-until he died.
• International Strategic Dialogue Center, University of Netanya, Israel.
• International board member with Mikhail Gorbachev, Ehud Barak and carl bild, 2003-until he died.
• International Islamic Christian Organisation for Reconciliation and Reconstrukction (IICORR), London, England. As honorary president, 2003-until he died.
• International and Interreligious Federation for World Peace (IIFWP). New York, United States. International advisory board member. 2002-until he died.
• Association of Muslim Community Leaders (AMCL), New York, United States, President, 2002.
• Shimon Peres Center for Peace, Tel Aviv, Israel. Founders and members. 1994-until he died.
• World Conference on Religion and Peace (WCRP), New York, United States, President, 1994-1998.
• International dialogue project for area studies and law, den Hag, the Netherlands, as an advisor, 1994.
• The Aga Khan Award for Islamic Architecture, jury, 1980-1983.

With his perseverance in the fight and his thoughts on humanity both in Indonesia and in the world to get a lot of Gus Dur honors from various organizations and received numerous awards from various local, national and international levels.

Then Gus Dur also recognized capacity in academic circles that a few times a degree from various universities.

His thoughts

Gus Dur did have a pretty unique idea and clear. Arguably his mind is able to pass his time, because a lot of people must think out loud what a thought. He is also known to be very controversial.

Gus Mus called Gus Dur as a lesson thinking of God, to date, must have-or never-no one can compete with Gus Dur in collecting many nicknames. Breadth social Gus Dur and attention will undoubtedly play an important role in the collection of the surname. Those who see how Gus Dur as 'fanatical' and persistent adjust his attitude to the word of God "Walaqod karramna banii Adama ..." (Q. 17:70), might be dubbed a humanist. Those who see it as 'devout' and persistent follow in the footsteps of parents and grandfather in love my homeland, might be dubbed nationalists, those who see it as a person who has a high spiritual qualities, perhaps would call him a saint. And so on.

The struggle of thought Gus Dur able to pass all kinds of disciplines, ranging from religion, philosophy, mysticism, grammar, culture and art, humor, democracy, pluralism, humanism, nationalism. With brilliant ideas, thought Gus Dur to become a social commentator who can make many people nervous and aware that especially the current administration.

Gus Dur's intellectual development was formed by classical Islamic education and modern western education. These factors are a prerequisite for him to develop his ideas. In activities related to travel, read, and debating ideas, Gus Dur synthesizing both worlds education. Maybe he was doing it more complete than the majority of intellectuals in Indonesia, which then makes Gus Dur became part of the new movement in Islamic thought in Indonesia. Emphasis thought Gus Dur more hinted at things more substantial, it teaches us to always tolerant, open, and inclusive.

According to Greg Barton, thought Gus Dur, he was one of the scholars categorize the Neo-Modernist. Among digolongkannya intellectual character in the Neo-modernist understanding that in many heirs to the teachings of Islam Muhammad Abduh in rationalism ijtihad is contextual. Trying to load the synthesis between the classical repertoire with having ijtihad, and appreciative with western ideas, especially in the social sciences and humanities. Neo-Modernist is promoting understanding of Islam that is open, inclusive, especially in accepting the factual reality of pluralism society, tend to emphasize tolerance and harmony in the relationship between communities.

Gus Dur flexibility in constructing his mind can not be denied. As well as about the "Indonesia" should diislamkan, Gus Dur was clearly questioned this concept, which drafted him in the Islamic countries do not have the clarity format. The Prophet left Medina without any clarity about the form of government for Muslims. Of an Islamic state that some people thought it just looked out of the corner of institutional Islam alone. As long as there is no clarity on the above, actually vain filed the claim that Islam has a concept of statehood.

Then Gus Dur successfully resolve conflicts between state and society, which in the new order is too strong or authoritarian state, while the society is too weak. He is with the thinking and the development of social movements successfully reducing the state authoritarianism and successful at the same time empower them with the advent of the power of civil society (civil society). Gus Dur's struggle for democracy to the country, it is not a secret that many people know and recognize. Thought about Indonesia Abdurrahman aspired to be a country that is a democracy that has little influence on the military and no fundamentalism in religion. For him in this modern life can unite diverse demokrasilah tendency toward the forces of the nation. Democracy is so important in a pluralistic country because it turned the whole Bohemian nationalism can only be achieved in a democratic atmosphere and grow despite the current democracy in Indonesia is still a process of discussion, but one day will achieve real democracy.

Gus Dur as one of his people who first mensuarakan back to the idea of ​​indigenization of Islam. With a sense that it is a manifestation of life dipribumikan Islam not core doctrine concerning faith and formal worship. It was not an effort to avoid the emergence of resistance of local cultural forces, but rather that the culture is not lost. It has been done the pioneer missionary "wali Songo" in the process of Islamization in Indonesia. It can be seen that Gus Dur's thoughts and movements are not much different from the trustees could be called Sufis.

Gus Dur unite and religious culture, he says, religion "Islam" and cultures have their independence, but both have overlapping territories. Humans can not be religion without culture, because culture is human creativity can be one form of expression of diversity. But it can not be concluded that religion is culture. Between the two overlap and complement each other but still have differences. Religion rooted in revelation and has its own norms. Religious norms are normative, so he tends to be permanent. Whereas culture is human creativity, so he developed in accordance with the times and tend to always change. This difference does not preclude the possibility of manifestation of religious life in the form of culture. Perspective thus put religion in its function as a vehicle for the nation's aegis tradition and at the same time makes kehidupaan nation religion as a vehicle for his maturation.

Gus Dur also known as a humorous figure. Thinking and critical attitude towards the reality of life is often conveyed through humor, so that agrees or not both laugh. He even equated with the Greek philosopher, Socrates, who likes to throw humoristis comments. Resistance Gus Dur did not know probably a lot of people, that in fact he was having a massive change and criticism are conveyed through jokes.

In the international world of thought Gus Dur also received many intellectuals the world. Even many who are doing research specifically on the pattern and style of thinking. Not surprising also when various awards obtained from international Gus Dur.

Gus Dur is the most genuin representation of two continuous cultures survive and thrive in the NU. The first is the culture of the pesantren kiai with NU little universe. The second is a youth culture that marked NU NU convergence with the modern world. He also built his thinking as a social movement that can intelligently put NU in a strategic position. Through NU also Gus Dur massive change and fundamental to the NU itself and the nation.

Thought Gus Dur has a Sufi flavor strength. Like the idea of ​​God does not need to be defended, he said bahwasannya, Al-Hujwiri said, if you think God is just because you are formulating, essentially you have become an infidel. God does not need to be sad that "He troublesome" us. Also do not need to be defended when people attack his nature, which in turn is the fear of human perception on the nature of God, with the possible difficulties they cause. Gus Dur decorate and run the mind as well as the teacher congregation.

In spiritual thought Gus Dur can be called a true Sufi. He is forgiving, even though the enemy is evil though. Though mocked for defending non-Muslim he was patient and calm, never will against anyone, never fear anything, willingly, without strings attached, and so the mencorakkan Gus Dur on the Sufi. A Sufi always combine hard work and total surrender to God. Gus Dur is considered the guardian "Sufi" in the eyes of his followers and those persecuted. Thinking, advocacy and Gus Dur struggle throughout his life, shows that it has the properties of a guardian, or debate without having to be forced to be called a guardian.

Gus Dur has indeed become an interesting and unique phenomenon, especially in the arena of Islamic thought in Indonesia even factored in political discourse. in the meantime, he was able to hold a massive change in the Nahdliyyin. Making him as a footstool consulted, complaints, and search for information, sometimes also held the blessing of the various parties and walks of life. Gus Dur apparently no longer a figure, he has become a symbol or even a myth. For Gus Dur a known level of success will figure prominently in promoting the people, if the products can be perceived ijtihad its implications for the dynamics of the society, nation and state.

Appreciation

In 1993, Wahid received a Ramon Magsaysay Award, an award for the category of the prestigious Community Leadership.Wahid cited as the "Father of Chinese" by some Chinese figures Semarang in Tay Kak Sie temple, Gang Lombok, which is known as the Chinatown neighborhood in March 10 2004.Ia received an award from the Simon Wiesenthal Center, a foundation that is engaged in the enforcement of human rights. Wahid was awarded the prize because they think he is one of the leaders who care about human rights issues.

Gus Dur gain an appreciation of Valor Mebal with offices in Los Angeles because Wahid considered to have the courage to defend the minority, one in defense of religious Confucianism in Indonesia to obtain their rights that had stuck during the era of order baru.Wahid also received an award from Temple University . His name is immortalized as the name of the study group Abdurrahman Wahid Chair of Islamic study. On July 21, 2010, despite having died, he received the Lifetime Achievement Award in AP 6 2010.Penghargaan Awards were handed directly to Sinta Nuriyah, wife of Gus Dur.

Tasrif Award-AJI

On August 11, 2006, Girl Arivia and Gus Dur get Tasrif Award-AJI as Freedom Fighters Press, 2006. The award is given by the Alliance of Independent Journalists (AJI). Gus Dur and the girl judged to have passion, vision, and commitment in the fight for freedom of expression, equal rights, the spirit of diversity, and democracy in Indonesia. Gus Dur and girls selected by a jury consisting of cultural Butet Kertaradjasa, chief editor of The Jakarta Post Endy Bayuni, and Chairman of the National Commission for Women Chandra Kirana. They beat out 23 other candidates. Appreciation Award to Gus Dur Tasrif protests from the journalists who attended the press conference. A reporter said that only because of the efforts of Gus Dur and Porno action against Anti-Pornography Bill, he received the award. While other journalists like Ati Nurbaiti, former Chairman and journalists AJI Indonesia The Jakarta Post denied and questioned the relationship Wahid struggle against the bill APP with press freedom.

honorary doctorate

Gus Dur also widely holds an Honorary Doctorate (Doctor Honoris Causa) from various educational institutions:

• Honorary Doctorate in Philosophy of Law from Thammasat University, Bangkok, Thailand (2000)
• Honorary Doctorate from the Asian Institute of Technology, Bangkok, Thailand (2000)
• Honorary Doctorate of Law and Political Science, Economics and Management, Humanities and Sciences of the University Pantheon Sorbonne, Paris, France (2000)
• Honorary Doctorate from Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand (2000)
• Honorary Doctorate from the University of Twente, The Netherlands (2000)
• Honorary Doctorate from Jawaharlal Nehru University, India (2000)
• Honorary Doctorate from the University of Soka Gakkai, Tokyo, Japan (2002)
• Honorary Doctorate from the University Prize for Humanitarianism, Netanya, Israel (2003)
• Honorary Doctor of Law from Konkuk University, Seoul, South Korea (2003)
• Honorary Doctorate from Sun Moon University, Seoul, South Korea (2003)

reference:
http://sosok.kompasiana.com/2012/06/09/biografi-gusdur-469556.html
http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abdurrahman_Wahid